Northern Shrimp (Eastern Canada)

Pandalus borealis

Sometimes known as Northern Prawn or Pink Shrimp.

This species is wild-caught.

Summary

This species is distributed along the northern coastlines of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, including the North and Bering Seas and the Sea of Okhotsk. The Canadian fishery uses trawl nets to catch Northern Shrimp over muddy bottoms, and mandatory use of bycatch reduction devices (called Nordmore grates) has greatly reduced bycatch of depleted groundfish. The fishery is also managed under an individual quota system, which has ended the dangerous incentive to fish competitively for shrimp.

Criterion	Points
Life History	3.25
Abundance	3.25
Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts	1.50
Management	3.75
Bycatch	3.50
Final Score (average of criteria)	3.05
Color

Final Score	Color
2.60 - 4.00
2.20 - 2.59
1.80 - 2.19
1.40 - 1.79
0.00 - 1.39

Last updated July 25, 2005.

Life History

Core Points (only one selection allowed)

If a value for intrinsic rate of increase (‘r’) is known, assign the score below based on this value. If no r-value is available, assign the score below for the correct age at 50% maturity for females if specified, or for the correct value of growth rate ('k'). If no estimates of r, age at 50% maturity, or k are available, assign the score below based on maximum age.

1.00	Intrinsic rate of increase <0.05; OR age at 50% maturity >10 years; OR growth rate <0.15; OR maximum age >30 years.
2.00	Intrinsic rate of increase = 0.05-0.15; OR age at 50% maturity = 5-10 years; OR a growth rate = 0.16–0.30; OR maximum age = 11-30 years.
3.00	Intrinsic rate of increase >0.16; OR age at 50% maturity = 1-5 years; OR growth rate >0.30; OR maximum age <11 years. Intrinsic rate of increase is unknown. Age at 50% maturity varies with latitude, but is 4 to 6 years in the large Newfoundland/Labrador fishery (Orr, pers. comm., 2005). Northern Shrimp have an average life expectancy of 5 to 8 years (Koeller 2004; Orr 2004). However, in the far north, where water temperatures are colder and growth is slow, maximum life expectancy is thought to be as high as 13 years (Orr, pers. comm., 2005).

Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed)

-0.25	Species has special behaviors that make it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., spawning aggregations; site fidelity; segregation by sex; migratory bottlenecks; unusual attraction to gear; etc.).
-0.25	Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity >20 years; sequential hermaphrodites; extremely low fecundity). This species is a sequential protandrous hermaphrodite and changes sex between the ages of one and six (Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Savard and Fraser 2005; Savard 2004; Koeller et al. 2000a; Shumway et al. 1985). Larger female shrimp are preferred. However both males and females are taken in this fishery (Bourdages et al. 2004), and their hermaphroditic lifestyle does not make them more susceptible to overfishing.
-0.25	Species has a small or restricted range (e.g., endemism; numerous evolutionarily significant units; restricted to one coastline; e.g., American lobster; striped bass; endemic reef fishes).
-0.25	Species exhibits high natural population variability driven by broad–scale environmental change (e.g., El Nino; decadal oscillations).

+0.25	Species does not have special behaviors that increase ease or population consequences of capture OR has special behaviors that make it less vulnerable to fishing pressure (e.g., species is widely dispersed during spawning).
+0.25	Species has a strategy for sexual development that makes it especially resilient to fishing pressure (e.g., age at 50% maturity <1 year; extremely high fecundity).
+0.25	Species is distributed over a very wide range (e.g., throughout an entire hemisphere or ocean basin; e.g., swordfish; tuna; Patagonian toothfish). This species is distributed along the upper latitudes of coastal North America, Europe and Asia (FAO 2005). However we chose to not add points here–we consider this to be a medium-sized range since it does not span any ocean basins.
+0.25	Species does not exhibit high natural population variability driven by broad-scale environmental change (e.g., El Nino; decadal oscillations). Shrimp abundance is loosely correlated with water temperature near the southern limit of the species range (Koeller 2004; Koeller 2000; Koeller et al. 2000a). However shrimp biomass is highly correlated with predator (Atlantic Cod) abundance–not ocean temperature–in most of the North Atlantic (Frank et al. 2005; Worm and Myers 2003).

3.25	Points for Life History

Abundance

Core Points (only one selection allowed)

Compared to natural or un-fished level, the species population is:

1.00

Low: Abundance or biomass is <75% of BMSY or similar proxy (e.g., spawning potential ratio).

2.00

Medium: Abundance or biomass is 75–125% of BMSY or similar proxy; OR population is approaching or recovering from an overfished condition; OR adequate information on abundance or biomass is not available.

3.00

High: Abundance or biomass is >125% of BMSY or similar proxy.

Decreased Atlantic Cod predation, strong recruitment, and low exploitation have resulted in high Northern Shrimp abundance in Eastern Canada for the last several years.

Survey abundances (including female spawning stock) are near all-time highs and exploitation rates are near all-time lows in many fishing areas (Koeller 2004; Koeller et al. 2004; Orr 2004; Orr et al. 2004; Savard 2004; Savard and Bouchard 2004; Orr et al. 2003a, b).

Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed)

-0.25	The population is declining over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE).
-0.25	Age, size or sex distribution is skewed relative to the natural condition (e.g., truncated size/age structure or anomalous sex distribution). There are decreasing size-at-sex-change and maximum size trends in some areas. This is not thought to be a result of fishing pressure, but rather from increased resource competition (from such high abundance) and lower water temperatures (Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Savard and Fraser 2005; Koeller 2004; Koeller et al. 2004; Orr et al. 2004; Savard and Bouchard 2004; Orr et al. 2003a, b; Koeller et al. 2000a). The lower fecundity of smaller females is likely offset by the current high level of abundance of the species (Orr, pers. comm., 2005), therefore we chose not to subtract here.
-0.25	Species is listed as “overfished” OR species is listed as “depleted”, “endangered”, or “threatened” by recognized national or international bodies.
-0.25	Current levels of abundance are likely to jeopardize the availability of food for other species or cause substantial change in the structure of the associated food web.

+0.25	The population is increasing over a generational time scale (as indicated by biomass estimates or standardized CPUE). Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE; i.e., kilograms of shrimp caught per hour of trawling) and abundance estimates have remained at high levels or increased across most of the fishery (DFO 2005a; DFO 2005b; Koeller 2004; Orr 2004; Savard 2004). CPUE in the St. Lawrence and Eastern Scotian Shelf fisheries has increased by 32 to 73% over the past five years (Koeller et al. 2004; Savard and Bouchard 2004). Biomass and abundance estimates have more than doubled in the Newfoundland fishery during this time (Orr et al. 2004).
+0.25	Age, size or sex distribution is functionally normal.
+0.25	Species is close to virgin biomass.
+0.25	Current levels of abundance provide adequate food for other predators or are not known to affect the structure of the associated food web. This species is an important prey item for Atlantic Cod, Greenland Halibut (Turbot), skates, Wolffish, Snow Crab, and Harp Seals (DFO 2005a; Orr 2004; Lilly et al. 2000). No studies have looked into the impact of the Northern Shrimp fishery on food web dynamics, so we chose not to add here.

3.25	Points for Abundance

Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts

Core Points (only one selection allowed)

Select the option that most accurately describes the effect of the fishing method upon the habitat that it affects.

1.00	The fishing method causes great damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., cyanide; blasting; bottom trawling; dredging). Shrimp are caught in bottom trawls similar to those used for groundfish, and the majority of the net (including the codend) comes into contact with the bottom (Koeller, pers. comm., 2005; Savard, pers. comm., 2005). Traps are used in a small portion of the Eastern Scotian Shelf fishery (Koeller, pers. comm., 2005; Koeller 2004).
2.00	The fishing method does moderate damage to physical and biogenic habitats (e.g., bottom gillnets; traps and pots; bottom longlines).
3.00	The fishing method does little damage to physical or biogenic habitats (e.g., hand picking; hand raking; hook and line; pelagic long lines; mid-water trawl or gillnet; purse seines).

Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed)

-0.25	Habitat for this species is so compromised from non-fishery impacts that the ability of the habitat to support this species is substantially reduced (e.g., dams; pollution; coastal development).
-0.25	Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are not protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc. Inshore ice cover (in Newfoundland/Labrador) and seasonal fishery closures (Gulf of St. Lawrence and Eastern Scotian Shelf) are likely to afford some degree of protection to this species, since Northern Shrimp spawn in the spring (Savard and Fraser 2005). Critical spawning habitats have not been identified for Northern Shrimp. However, species abundance is high, and area closures are not needed at this time to protect the species.
-0.25	No efforts are being made to minimize damage from existing gear types OR new or modified gear is increasing habitat damage (e.g., fitting trawls with roller rigs or rockhopping gear; more robust gear for deep-sea fisheries).
-0.25	If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is very slow (e.g., deep water corals; rocky bottoms).

+0.25	Habitat for this species remains robust and viable and is capable of supporting this species. No studies have documented the habitat impacts of shrimp trawls in the Eastern Canadian Northern Shrimp fisheries. However there is no indication that trawl damage prevents the benthic habitat from supporting this species. The Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence fishery plans to address this issue in their next co-management agreement (L. Savard, pers. comm., 2005).
+0.25	Critical habitat areas (e.g., spawning areas) for this species are protected by management using time/area closures, marine reserves, etc.
+0.25	Gear innovations are being implemented over a majority of the fishing area to minimize damage from gear types OR no innovations necessary because gear effects are minimal.
+0.25	If gear impacts are substantial, resilience of affected habitats is fast (e.g., mud or sandy bottoms) OR gear effects are minimal. Shrimp are caught over soft, muddy bottoms with a high organic content (Koeller, pers. comm., 2005; Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Koeller 2004; Ramseier et al. 2000). Muddy bottoms are considered to be resilient habitats.

1.50	Points for Habitat Quality and Fishing Gear Impacts

Management

Core Points (only one selection allowed)

Select the option that most accurately describes the current management of the fisheries of this species.

1.00

Regulations are ineffective (e.g., illegal fishing or overfishing is occurring) OR the fishery is unregulated (i.e., no control rules are in effect).

2.00

Management measures are in place over a major portion over the species’ range but implementation has not met conservation goals OR management measures are in place but have not been in place long enough to determine if they are likely to achieve conservation and sustainability goals.

3.00

Substantial management measures are in place over a large portion of the species range and have demonstrated success in achieving conservation and sustainability goals.

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans in Canada manages the Northern Shrimp fishery in 3 regions - Newfoundland/Labrador, the Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence, and the Eastern Scotian Shelf. Management measures in each region include some or all of the following: seasonal closures, vessel licensing, limited/closed entry, mandatory bycatch reduction devices, minimum mesh size, Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limits; and observer and dockside monitoring.

Fishing effort is also controlled by an Individual Transferable Quota system that was instituted in the 1990s. This management regime requires that fishers buy a share of the TAC, which prevents derby fisheries (i.e., the competitive race for shrimp at the start of the season) and promotes the investment of fishers in the long-term conservation of the species.

Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed)

-0.25	There is inadequate scientific monitoring of stock status, catch or fishing effort.
-0.25	Management does not explicitly address fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems.
-0.25	This species is overfished and no recovery plan or an ineffective recovery plan is in place.
-0.25	Management has failed to reduce excess capacity in this fishery or implements subsidies that result in excess capacity in this fishery.

+0.25	There is adequate scientific monitoring, analysis and interpretation of stock status, catch and fishing effort. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) in Canada conducts annual recruitment and abundance surveys in each of the three management areas (Newfoundland/Labrador, Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence, Eastern Scotian Shelf). Fishery managers set annual catch limits according to the population estimates generated from these surveys. The fishing industry is required to pay for onboard and dockside observers, as mandated by the DFO (Savard and Fraser 2005). Managers in each of the areas require that a certain percentage of fishing trips be monitored by onboard observers. For example, the offshore component of the Newfoundland fishery has 100% observer coverage (DFO 2003).
+0.25	Management explicitly and effectively addresses fishery effects on habitat, food webs, and ecosystems.
+0.25	This species is overfished and there is a recovery plan (including benchmarks, timetables and methods to evaluate success) in place that is showing signs of success OR recovery plan is not needed. Given the high abundance level of Northern Shrimp, no recovery plan is needed at this time.
+0.25	Management has taken action to control excess capacity or reduce subsidies that result in excess capacity OR no measures are necessary because fishery is not overcapitalized. Each fishery has its own limited/closed entry program. The Eastern Scotian Shelf fishery is limited to approximately 40 vessels, with no new licenses granted for the past several years (Koeller, pers. comm., 2005). The Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence fishery is capped at 112 licenses, with no allowable increase (Savard and Fraser 2005). The Newfoundland/Labrador fishery - with 365 inshore and 17 offshore license holders - has not allowed any new vessels since 1998 (Blanchard, pers. comm., 2005).

3.75	Points for Management

Bycatch

Core Points (only one selection allowed)

Select the option that most accurately describes the current level of bycatch and the consequences that result from fishing this species.

The term, "bycatch” used in this document excludes incidental catch of a species for which an adequate management framework exists.

The terms, “endangered, threatened, or protected,” used in this document refer to species status that is determined by national legislation such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (or another nation's equivalent), the IUCN Red List, or a credible scientific body such as the American Fisheries Society.

1.00	Bycatch in this fishery is high (>100% of targeted landings), OR regularly includes a “threatened, endangered or protected species.”
2.00	Bycatch in this fishery is moderate (10-99% of targeted landings) AND does not regularly include “threatened, endangered or protected species” OR level of bycatch is unknown.
3.00	Bycatch in this fishery is low (<10% of targeted landings) and does not regularly include "threatened, endangered or protected species." Bycatch in Canadian Northern Shrimp fisheries is less than 5% of targeted landings due to the mandatory use of bycatch reduction devices (called Nordmore grates) on all trawls. Main bycatch species include Redfish/Ocean Perch, Turbot/Greenland Halibut, Capelin, and American Plaice (Grant, pers. comm., 2005; Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Savard, pers. comm., 2005; Bowering and Orr 2004; Koeller et al. 2004; Orr et al. 2003a).

Points of Adjustment (multiple selections allowed)

-0.25	Bycatch in this fishery is a contributing factor to the decline of “threatened, endangered, or protected species" and no effective measures are being taken to reduce it.
-0.25	Bycatch of targeted or non-targeted species (e.g., undersize individuals) in this fishery is high and no measures are being taken to reduce it.
-0.25	Bycatch of this species (e.g., undersize individuals) in other fisheries is high OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, and no measures are being taken to reduce it.
-0.25	The continued removal of the bycatch species contributes to its decline. Concerns have been raised about localized Snow Crab bycatch in the Newfoundland/Labrador border area, however no studies have shown that shrimp fisheries are responsible for declines in Snow Crab populations. The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) plans to examine the degree to which the Northern Shrimp fishery in this area is affecting Snow Crab abundance later this year (Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Grant, pers. comm., 2005; Gilkinson, pers. comm., 2005). The DFO also recently closed a 2500 Nm2 (nautical mile) area in Hawke Channel to prevent bycatch of Snow Crab by shrimp trawls (Orr, pers. comm., 2005).

+0.25	Measures taken over a major portion of the species range have been shown to reduce bycatch of “threatened, endangered, or protected species” or bycatch rates are no longer deemed to affect the abundance of the “protected” bycatch species OR no measures needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). Nordmore grates have been mandatory on all shrimp trawls since the 1990s. This regulation has greatly reduced the bycatch of protected groundfish species like Atlantic Cod, Wolffish and American Plaice (Koeller, pers. comm., 2005).
+0.25	There is bycatch of targeted (e.g., undersize individuals) or non-targeted species in this fishery and measures (e.g., gear modifications) have been implemented that have been shown to reduce bycatch over a large portion of the species range OR no measures are needed because fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear). Minimum mesh size (40mm) and bar spacing (22 to 28 mm) on Nordmore grate bycatch reduction devices have drastically reduced bycatch rates. Although overall bycatch for some species has increased (Bowering and Orr 2004) due to an increase in fishing effort, bycatch rates have continued to decrease since the inception of the Nordmore grate requirement (Orr et al. 2000). Overall, bycatch is now less than 5% of targeted landings (Orr, pers. comm., 2005; Koeller 2004). The use of Nordmore grates have reduced landings of incidentally-caught groundfish, but increased the total value of shrimpers’ catches by allowing small shrimp to escape and preventing larger shrimp from being crushed by Atlantic Cod (Savard and Fraser 2005). Fishers sometimes catch large numbers of juvenile Redfish/Ocean Perch, Greenland Halibut/Turbot or Capelin (Grant, pers. comm., 2005; Koeller, pers. comm., 2005; Orr et al. 2003a), however this does not occur across the majority of the fishery. Ongoing research continues to evaluate net modifications that will further reduce groundfish and undersized shrimp bycatch (Grant, pers. comm., 2005).
+0.25	Bycatch of this species in other fisheries is low OR bycatch of this species in other fisheries inhibits its recovery, but effective measures are being taken to reduce it over a large portion of the range.
+0.25	The continued removal of the bycatch species in the targeted fishery has had or will likely have little or no impact on populations of the bycatch species OR there are no significant bycatch concerns because the fishery is highly selective (e.g., harpoon; spear).

3.50	Points for Bycatch

References

**We would like to thank Environmental Defense for their Northern Shrimp research and contributing this score card to our Seafood WebGuide.

Blanchard, T.J. 2005. Personal communication. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Bourdages, H., D. Archambault, B. Morin, A. Frechet, L. Savard, F. Gregoire, and R. DuFour. 2004. Preliminary results from the groundfish and shrimp multidisciplinary survey from August 2004 in the northern Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence. Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Res. Doc. 2004/112. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Research_Years/2004/2004_112_E.htm.

Bowering, W.R. and D.C. Orr. 2004. By-catch of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, Walbaum) in the Canadian fishery for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Koyer) in NAFO Subarea 2 and Divisions 3KL. NAFO SCR Doc. 04/67. Available at: http://www.nafo.int/publications/SCDocs/2004/abstracts/abstract067.html.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). 2005a. Shrimp of the Estuary and Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence in 2004. DFO Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2005/035. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2005/SAR-AS2005_035_e.pdf

DFO. 2005b. Stock assessment report on Divisions 0B-3K Northern shrimp. DFO Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2005/025. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/Csas/status/2005/SAR-AS2005_025_e.pdf

DFO. 2003. Integrated Fisheries Management Plan: Northern Shrimp Northeast Newfoundland, Labrador Coast and Davis Strait. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/fish_man/ifmpns-pgipcn/index_e.htm.

United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2005. Fisheries Global Information System, Species Fact Sheet. Available at: http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=3425.

Frank, K.T., B. Petrie, J.S. Choi, and W.C. Leggett. 2005. Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308: 1621-1623.

Gilkinson, K. 2005. Personal communication. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Grant, S. 2005. Personal communication. Center for Sustainable Aquatic Resources, Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Koeller, P. 2005. Personal communication. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Koeller, P. 2004. Northern Shrimp on the Eastern Scotian Shelf (SFA 13-15). DFO Sci. Stock Status Report 2004/045. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/status/2004/SSR2004_045_E.pdf.

Koeller, P., M. Covey, and M. King. 2004. An Assessment of the Eastern Scotian Shelf Shrimp Stock and Fishery for 2003 and Outlook to 2004. Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Res. Doc. 2003/050. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Research_Years/2004/2004_001_E.htm.

Koeller, P. 2000. Relative Importance of Abiotic and Biotic Factors to the Management of the Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Fishery on the Scotian Shelf. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:21-33. Available at: http://journal.nafo.int/archive22-33/J27/Koeller1.pdf.

Koeller, P., R. Mohn, and M. Etter. 2000a. Density Dependant Sex Change in Northern Shrimp, Pandalus borealis, on the Scotian Shelf. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:107-118. Available at: http://journal.nafo.int/archive22-33/J27/Koeller2.pdf.

Koeller, P., L. Savard, D.G. Parsons, and C. Fu. 2000b. A Precautionary Approach to Assessment and Management of Shrimp Stocks in the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:235-246. Available at: http://journal.nafo.int/archive22-33/J27/Koeller3.pdf.

Lilly, G.R., D.G. Parsons, and D.W. Kulka. 2000. Was the Increase in Shrimp Biomass on the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf a Consequence of a Release in Predation Pressure from Cod? Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:45-61. Available at: http://journal.nafo.int/archive22-33/J27/Lilly.pdf.

Orr, D.C. 2005. Personal communication. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Orr, D.C. 2004. Northern Shrimp. Can. Sci. Advis. Sci. Stock Status Report 2004/022. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/status/2004/SSR2004_022_E.pdf.

Orr, D.C., P.J. Veitch, and D.J. Sullivan. 2004. An update of information pertaining to Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Køyer) and Groundfish in NAFO Divisions 3LNO. NAFO SCR Doc. 04/86. Available at: http://www.nafo.int/publications/SCDocs/2004/abstracts/abstract086.html.

Orr, D.C., P.J. Veitch, and D.J. Sullivan. 2003a. An Update of Information Pertaining to Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Koyer) and Groundfish in NAFO Divisions 3LNO. NAFO SCR Doc. 03/82. Available at: http://www.nafo.int/publications/SCDocs/2003/Abstracts/abstract082.html.

Orr, D.C., P.J. Veitch, and D.J. Sullivan. 2003b. Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) off Baffin Island, Labrador, and Northeastern Newfoundland. Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Res. Doc. 2003/050. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Research_Years/2003/2003_050_E.htm.

Orr, D.C., D.W. Kulka, P.J. Veitch, and J. Firth. 2000. Bycatch of Greenland Halibut (Reinhartius hippoglosoides) in the Offshore Shrimp Fishery. Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Res. Doc. 2000/070. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Research_Years/2000/2000_070e.htm.

Ramseier, R., C. Garrity, D.G. Parsons, and P. Koeller. 2000. Influence of Particulate Organic Carbon Sedimentation within the Seasonal Sea-ice Regime on the Catch Distribution of Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 27:35-44. Available at: http://journal.nafo.int/archive22-33/J27/Ramseier.pdf.

Savard, L. 2005. Personal communication. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Quebec region.

Savard, L. and G. Fraser. 2005. Review of the Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence Shrimp Fishery. Innovations in Wild Shrimp Fisheries, April 7-8, New Orleans, LA.

Savard, L. 2004. Shrimp of the Estuary and Gulf and Estuary of St. Lawrence in 2003. DFO Science, Stock Assess. Sec., Stock Status Report 2004/009. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/status/2004/SSR2004_009_E.pdf.

Savard, L. and H. Bouchard. 2004. Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence shrimp (Pandalus borealis) stock status in 2003. Can. Stock Asses. Sec. Res. Doc. 2004/091. Available at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Research_Years/2004/2004_091_E.htm.

Shumway, E.S., H.C. Perkins, D.F. Schick, and A.P. Stickney. 1985. Synopsis of biological data on the pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis Kroyer. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 30/FAO Fisheries Synopsis, No. 144, 57 pp.

Worm, B. and R. Myers. 2003. Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs. Ecology 84(1): 162-173.